Article 48A and 51A(g) — Prelims Questions

Which of the following statements regarding Article 48A and Article 51A(g) of the Indian Constitution is/are correct? 1. Both were inserted by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976. 2. Article 48A is a Directive Principle of State Policy, while Article 51A(g) is a Fundamental Duty. 3. Both are directly enforceable by the Supreme Court through a writ petition. 4. Article 48A mandates the State to protect wildlife, while Article 51A(g) mandates citizens to have compassion for living creatures. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

The 'Right to a healthy environment' in India is primarily derived from which of the following constitutional provisions?

Consider the following statements regarding the influence of the Stockholm Conference (1972) on the Indian Constitution: 1. It directly led to the enactment of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. 2. It inspired the inclusion of environmental protection as a Directive Principle of State Policy. 3. It influenced the introduction of environmental protection as a Fundamental Duty for citizens. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the enforceability of environmental provisions in the Indian Constitution: 1. Article 48A can be directly enforced by courts to compel the State to protect the environment. 2. Article 51A(g) can be used by courts to penalize citizens for not protecting the environment. 3. The 'Right to a healthy environment' derived from Article 21 is enforceable by courts. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which of the following principles has/have been incorporated into Indian environmental jurisprudence by the Supreme Court, often linking them to constitutional provisions like Article 48A and 51A(g)? 1. Polluter Pays Principle 2. Precautionary Principle 3. Public Trust Doctrine Select the correct answer using the code given below: