Logical Deductions — Mains Questions

Analyze the following scenario and deduce the most logical course of action, justifying your steps: A district administration is facing a sudden surge in a water-borne disease. Initial reports suggest that the disease spreads rapidly if contaminated water is consumed. The local water supply is known to be unreliable, and many households rely on private borewells. A public health official states: 'If the disease is water-borne, then improving sanitation alone will not be sufficient to control it.' A local activist argues: 'If the disease is not controlled, then the public will lose faith in the administration.' The District Collector must decide on immediate steps.

Critically analyze the following argument for its validity and soundness, assuming the premises are presented in a CSAT context: Premise 1: All birds can fly. Premise 2: Penguins are birds. Conclusion: Therefore, penguins can fly. Discuss how a UPSC aspirant should approach such a question.

A project manager is evaluating team members for a critical task. The conditions for selection are: 1. If a team member is experienced (E), then they are efficient (F). 2. If a team member is efficient (F), then they complete tasks on time (T). 3. Only team members who complete tasks on time (T) are considered reliable (R). 4. Ram is not considered reliable (~R). Based on these conditions, what can be definitively concluded about Ram's experience and efficiency? Justify your answer.