Value Judgments — Mains Questions

Examine the role of value judgments in shaping public policy. Discuss how competing values can lead to ethical dilemmas for administrators, providing suitable examples.

In the context of public service, discuss the interplay between cultural relativism and universal ethical values when making value judgments. How can an administrator reconcile these perspectives?

Cognitive biases significantly influence value judgments, potentially leading to unethical administrative decisions. Elaborate on this statement and suggest practical strategies for civil servants to mitigate such biases.