Ethical Reasoning — Core Techniques

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment	1976	Added 'Socialist,' 'Secular,' and 'Integrity' to the Preamble, reinforcing the ethical commitment of the state to these values. Also added Fundamental Duties (Article 51A).	Strengthened the constitutional basis for ethical governance, emphasizing social justice, secularism, and the duties of citizens (including public servants) to uphold constitutional ideals.
86th Amendment	2002	Made education a Fundamental Right (Article 21A) and added a new Fundamental Duty (Article 51A(k)) for parents/guardians to provide education to their children.	Ethically reinforces the state's and citizens' responsibility towards universal education, a key aspect of social justice and human development, guiding administrative decisions in education policy and implementation.