Hindu Philosophy Schools — Mains Questions

Critically analyze the contributions of the Astika schools of Hindu philosophy to the intellectual and ethical framework of ancient India. How do their diverse approaches converge on the ultimate goal of Moksha?

Compare and contrast the epistemological foundations and ethical implications of Buddhism and Jainism as heterodox schools. To what extent do they offer a radical departure from orthodox Hindu thought?

The concept of 'Pramana' is central to Indian philosophical inquiry. Discuss the various pramanas accepted by different schools and their significance in establishing valid knowledge. How does this emphasis on epistemology reflect the rationalistic spirit of ancient Indian thought?