Manufacturing vs Services Growth — Policy Reforms

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment Act	1976	This amendment inserted new Directive Principles and gave primacy to DPSP over Fundamental Rights (Articles 14, 19, 31). Specifically, it added Article 39A (equal justice and free legal aid), Article 43A (participation of workers in management of industries), and Article 48A (protection and improvement of environment).	While later partially struck down by Minerva Mills case, it reflected a strong state commitment towards social and economic justice, including worker welfare and environmental protection, which indirectly influences industrial policy and the conditions under which manufacturing operates. Article 43A directly impacts the industrial relations framework.
97th Amendment Act	2011	This amendment gave constitutional status and protection to cooperative societies. It inserted Article 43B (promotion of cooperative societies) in DPSP and made the right to form cooperative societies a fundamental right (Article 19(1)(c)).	Cooperative societies play a significant role in various economic activities, including small-scale manufacturing, agro-processing, and services in rural areas. This amendment provides a constitutional impetus for their growth, potentially fostering decentralized manufacturing and service delivery models, particularly beneficial for rural employment and entrepreneurship.