Persons with Disabilities — Policy Reforms

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
Not applicable directly to the Constitution for PwDs	N/A	While the Constitution itself hasn't been specifically amended for PwDs, judicial interpretations have expanded the scope of existing articles (e.g., Article 21) to include disability rights. The 86th Amendment Act, 2002, which inserted Article 21A (Right to Education), has indirect implications for inclusive education for children with disabilities.	Strengthened the right to education, which subsequently informed inclusive education policies for children with disabilities under the RPwD Act.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (replaced PWD Act, 1995)	2016	This Act repealed and replaced the PWD Act, 1995. It was a comprehensive overhaul to align Indian law with the UNCRPD.	Expanded definition of disability (7 to 21 categories), increased reservations (3% to 4%), introduced concepts like reasonable accommodation and supported decision-making, strengthened enforcement mechanisms, and adopted a human rights-based approach.
Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 (replaced Mental Health Act, 1987)	2017	This Act repealed and replaced the Mental Health Act, 1987, to provide mental healthcare and services for persons with mental illness and to protect, promote and fulfill the rights of such persons.	Decriminalized suicide, guaranteed rights to mental healthcare, introduced advance directives, emphasized supported decision-making, and established Mental Health Review Boards, aligning with UNCRPD principles.