Adaptation Strategies — Environmental Laws

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment Act	1976	Inserted Article 48A (Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life) and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty to protect and improve the natural environment) into the Constitution.	Provided a constitutional mandate for environmental protection, laying the foundational legal and ethical framework for climate change adaptation policies and actions in India. It shifted environmental protection from a mere administrative concern to a constitutional imperative for both the state and citizens.
Not a direct amendment, but significant legal development	2010	Establishment of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.	The NGT provides for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources. While not an amendment to the Constitution or EPA, its establishment significantly strengthened environmental governance and judicial oversight, which is crucial for the enforcement of adaptation-related environmental regulations and dispute resolution.

Also build Paper II skills

Climate data, pollution metrics, and treaty timelines are natural practice for CSAT data interpretation and careful reading. CSAT hub.

• Data interpretation
• Correlation vs causation
• Estimation techniques