Directive Principles — Environmental Cases

Environmental Cases

Ratlam Municipality v. Vardhichand

1980

This landmark judgment marked the beginning of judicial enforcement of environmental DPSPs. The Supreme Court held that municipalities have a constitutional duty to provide…

M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (Ganga Pollution Case)

1988

This case established the principle that environmental protection under Article 48A is part of the right to life under Article 21. The Court ordered closure of polluting tanneries…

T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India

1997

This ongoing case has shaped India's forest governance for over two decades. The Supreme Court used Article 48A to expand the definition of 'forest' beyond legal forests to…

Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India

1996

This judgment established the precautionary principle and polluter pays principle as part of Indian environmental law, deriving authority from Article 48A. The Court held that…

Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar

1991

This case established that citizens have the right to approach courts for environmental protection under Article 32, using Article 48A as the constitutional foundation. The…

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