COP Meetings — Environmental Cases
Environmental Cases
COP 1 (Berlin, 1995) - The Berlin Mandate
1995The Berlin Mandate was a pivotal decision that recognized the inadequacy of existing commitments under the UNFCCC to achieve its ultimate objective. It initiated a new round of…
COP 3 (Kyoto, 1997) - The Kyoto Protocol
1997The Kyoto Protocol was the first legally binding international treaty that set quantified emission reduction targets for developed countries. It introduced innovative market-based…
COP 15 (Copenhagen, 2009) - The Copenhagen Accord
2009Despite high expectations for a legally binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, COP 15 resulted in the non-legally binding Copenhagen Accord. This accord recognized the need to…
COP 21 (Paris, 2015) - The Paris Agreement
2015The Paris Agreement is a landmark legally binding international treaty that fundamentally reshaped global climate action. It established a long-term goal of limiting global…
COP 26 (Glasgow, 2021) - The Glasgow Climate Pact
2021The Glasgow Climate Pact was critical for keeping the 1.5°C goal 'alive' by urging countries to strengthen their 2030 emission reduction targets (NDCs) by COP 27. It finalized the…
COP 27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, 2022) - Loss and Damage Fund Establishment
2022COP 27 achieved a historic breakthrough by agreeing to establish a dedicated fund to compensate vulnerable developing nations for 'loss and damage' – the unavoidable and…
COP 28 (Dubai, 2023) - The UAE Consensus and Global Stocktake
2023COP 28 delivered the 'UAE Consensus,' which for the first time explicitly called on Parties to contribute to 'transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just,…