Urban Water Crisis — Environmental Laws

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
73rd Constitutional Amendment Act	1992	This amendment institutionalized Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in rural areas, devolving powers and responsibilities to them. While primarily rural, it impacts urban water indirectly through watershed management and source protection in peri-urban areas.	Empowered rural local bodies to manage water resources at the village level, influencing the overall hydrological balance that often feeds urban systems. It promotes decentralized governance for water management.
74th Constitutional Amendment Act	1992	This amendment provided constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) or Municipalities, listing 'Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes' (Entry 6) and 'Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management' (Entry 6) in the Twelfth Schedule.	Legally mandated ULBs to be responsible for urban water supply and sanitation, bringing water governance closer to citizens. It is foundational for understanding the role of municipal corporations in addressing the urban water crisis, though often challenged by capacity and financial constraints.

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