Coastal and Marine Issues — Environmental Laws

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
CRZ Notification 1991	1991	The first comprehensive regulation to control developmental activities in coastal areas, issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. It categorized coastal stretches into four zones (CRZ-I, II, III, IV) with varying restrictions.	Established the foundational regulatory framework for coastal zone management in India, bringing a degree of control over previously unregulated development. Faced criticism for rigidity and implementation challenges.
CRZ Notification 2011	2011	Replaced the 1991 notification, aiming for a more holistic approach. It introduced the concept of Coastal Zone Management Plans (CZMPs) prepared by states and emphasized the protection of ecologically sensitive areas.	Attempted to address shortcomings of the 1991 notification, providing clearer guidelines for CZMPs and strengthening conservation efforts. However, it still faced challenges in balancing development needs with environmental protection.
CRZ Notification 2019	2019	Superseded the 2011 notification, focusing on promoting sustainable development while ensuring conservation. It rationalized CRZ categories, relaxed the No Development Zone (NDZ) for certain rural areas, and streamlined clearances for specific projects.	Aims to boost coastal economic activity, particularly tourism and infrastructure, while maintaining environmental safeguards. Generated debate over the balance between development facilitation and strict ecological protection, especially concerning NDZ relaxations.

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