Elements of Probity — Ethical Standards

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment	1976	Added 'integrity' to the Preamble and included fundamental duties in Article 51A, which indirectly support probity by creating moral obligations for citizens and public servants.	Strengthened the constitutional foundation for ethical governance by explicitly mentioning integrity as a constitutional value and creating duties that complement rights in promoting probity.
91st Amendment	2003	Limited the size of Council of Ministers and introduced disqualification provisions for defecting legislators, aimed at reducing corruption and promoting integrity in political governance.	Enhanced accountability and integrity in political governance by preventing opportunistic defections and limiting the scope for corrupt practices in government formation.