External Debt — Revision Notes

⚡ 30-Second Revision

External debt: resident owes non-resident; currency alone is insufficient.
Total external debt ≠ sovereign debt.
Stock ≠ service; original ≠ remaining maturity.
USD 100 at ₹80/₹90 costs ₹8,000/₹9,000.
Measurement date and publication date differ.

2-Minute Revision

External-debt analysis begins with residence, instrument and borrower coverage. Then examine payments, maturities, currencies and valuation. Dated ratios provide context but cannot replace the underlying schedule and balance sheets. Keep actual liabilities separate from equity and commitments.

5-Minute Revision

Classify a rupee bond held by a non-resident and a dollar loan between residents. Calculate annual service when principal of 20 and interest of 5 are due, then classify a five-year loan with six months left under both maturity measures. Explain each distinction.

Vyyuha Quick Recall

Resident, repayment, remaining time, reporting date.