Wealth Concentration — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
25th Amendment	1971	Section 3 of the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971 inserted Article 31C to protect laws giving effect to Article 39(b) or 39(c) against specified fundamental-rights challenges. The Act retains 1971 in its title and is dated 20 April 1972. Its connection to this topic is direct: Article 39(c) concerns concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment. The original text is historical; its attempt to exclude scrutiny of a declaration was not upheld in Kesavananda Bharati.	Distinguish a measured concentration of assets from the legal test governing a redistributive law. A legislature’s label does not by itself establish the required connection to Article 39. Property Owners Association (2024), majority conclusion 229(a), confirmed that Article 31C survives to the extent upheld in Kesavananda Bharati. The later attempt to extend it to all Directive Principles was invalidated in Minerva Mills. Thus the amendment is relevant to distribution policy, but it is not an unrestricted power to take any private asset or proof that a policy actually reduced inequality.