Important Amendments — Landmark Judgments

Landmark Judgments

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

1973

This landmark 13-judge bench decision established the basic structure doctrine, fundamentally limiting Parliament's power to amend the Constitution. The court held that while…

I.C. Golak Nath v. State of Punjab

1967

This case held that Parliament could not amend fundamental rights under Article 368 as they were 'transcendental' and beyond legislative power. The 11-judge bench overruled…

Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India

1980

This case struck down clauses (4) and (5) of Article 368 inserted by the 42nd Amendment, which attempted to place constitutional amendments beyond judicial review. The court…

Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (Mandal Commission Case)

1992

While not directly about constitutional amendments, this 9-judge bench decision established the 50% ceiling on reservations and defined the scope of Article 16(4). The judgment's…

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Dense constitutional and IR passages mirror CSAT-style comprehension and argument evaluation—build those skills in parallel. CSAT hub.

• Valid & invalid arguments
• Syllogisms
• Critical reasoning