President — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment	1976	Made the advice of the Council of Ministers binding on the President by adding that the President 'shall act in accordance with such advice' in Article 74(1). This removed any ambiguity about whether presidential discretion existed in following ministerial advice.	Strengthened parliamentary democracy by ensuring the President cannot act independently against ministerial advice, clarifying the ceremonial nature of the presidency and preventing potential conflicts between the constitutional head and the government.
44th Amendment	1978	Restored the President's right to require the Council of Ministers to reconsider their advice and added safeguards for National Emergency proclamation, requiring written advice from the Cabinet and limiting emergency duration.	Balanced the 42nd Amendment's restrictions by allowing presidential reconsideration while maintaining democratic accountability. Enhanced protection against emergency misuse by requiring Cabinet consensus and parliamentary oversight.
61st Amendment	1989	Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years, which indirectly affected the presidential electoral college by expanding the electorate for legislative assemblies whose elected members participate in presidential elections.	Expanded democratic participation and indirectly influenced the composition and representativeness of the electoral college system used for presidential elections.

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• Valid & invalid arguments
• Syllogisms
• Critical reasoning