Transparency and Accountability — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
44th Amendment	1978	Removed the right to property from fundamental rights and made it a constitutional right under Article 300A. This amendment enhanced government accountability in property acquisition by removing absolute protection and enabling legislative oversight of property rights.	Increased government accountability in land acquisition and property matters, enabling better transparency in development projects and reducing arbitrary state action in property matters.
73rd Amendment	1992	Constitutionalized Panchayati Raj institutions, mandating regular elections, reservation for marginalized groups, and devolution of powers to local governments. Enhanced grassroots democracy and local accountability.	Strengthened transparency and accountability at the grassroots level by creating constitutional mandate for local self-governance, social audits, and community participation in development planning.
74th Amendment	1992	Provided constitutional status to urban local bodies, ensuring regular elections, reservation provisions, and devolution of functions. Created framework for urban governance accountability and citizen participation.	Enhanced urban governance transparency through mandatory ward committees, area sabhas, and participatory planning processes, improving accountability in municipal service delivery.

Also build Paper II skills

Dense constitutional and IR passages mirror CSAT-style comprehension and argument evaluation—build those skills in parallel. CSAT hub.

• Valid & invalid arguments
• Syllogisms
• Critical reasoning