Minorities and Religious Justice — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
44th Amendment Act	1978	Inserted clause (1A) into Article 30, stipulating that when the state compulsorily acquires property of a minority educational institution, the compensation amount must be such that it does not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under Article 30(1).	Strengthened the protection of minority educational institutions by safeguarding their property rights, ensuring that the state cannot indirectly undermine their right to establish and administer institutions through inadequate compensation during acquisition.
National Commission for Minorities (Amendment) Act	2004	Amended the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992, to confer upon the Commission the powers of a civil court.	Significantly enhanced the NCM's investigative and enforcement capabilities, allowing it to summon witnesses, require discovery and production of documents, and receive evidence on affidavits, thereby making it a more effective quasi-judicial body for addressing minority grievances and ensuring compliance with safeguards.