Correlation vs Causation — Mains Questions

Critically analyze the statement 'Correlation does not imply causation' in the context of evidence-based policy making in India. Discuss how misinterpreting this distinction can lead to ineffective governance.

In the context of social research, explain the 'third variable problem' and its implications for establishing causality. Illustrate with a contemporary example from India.

Discuss the Bradford Hill criteria as a framework for inferring causation in public health studies, particularly when randomized controlled trials are not feasible. Provide examples of how these criteria could be applied to a public health challenge in India.