Ecological Pyramids — Mains Questions

Discuss the different types of ecological pyramids, highlighting their limitations and the conditions under which they may be inverted. Why is the pyramid of energy considered the most reliable representation of ecosystem function?

Examine the relevance of ecological pyramids in India's biodiversity conservation efforts and environmental impact assessments. Provide specific examples.

A terrestrial ecosystem has a primary productivity of 50,000 kcal/m²/year. Assuming a 10% energy transfer efficiency at each trophic level, calculate the energy available to tertiary consumers. Discuss the implications of this energy loss for food chain length and biodiversity.