Other Environmental Treaties — Environmental Laws

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol	2016	Extended the Montreal Protocol to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are ozone-safe but potent greenhouse gases. Established differentiated phase-down schedules for developed and developing countries, with India required to freeze HFC consumption by 2028 and achieve 85% reduction by 2047.	Demonstrates evolution of environmental treaties to address multiple environmental challenges. Links ozone protection with climate change mitigation, requiring India to update domestic regulations and develop alternative technologies for refrigeration and air conditioning sectors.
Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments	2019	Extended Basel Convention controls to contaminated, mixed, and unrecyclable plastic waste, requiring Prior Informed Consent for most plastic waste trade. Aimed at addressing the global plastic waste crisis and preventing dumping of plastic waste in developing countries.	Significantly impacted India's waste import policies and recycling industry. Required strengthening of border controls, waste classification systems, and domestic plastic waste management infrastructure. Enhanced India's regulatory framework for circular economy initiatives.
Stockholm Convention POPs Listings	2009-2019	Multiple amendments added new persistent organic pollutants including perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and other industrial chemicals. Each addition required evaluation by the POPs Review Committee based on persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity criteria.	Expanded scope of chemical regulation in India, requiring updates to industrial chemical policies and waste management systems. Demonstrated the treaty's adaptive capacity to address emerging chemical threats based on evolving scientific understanding.

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