Avoiding Bias — Ethical Standards

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
73rd Amendment	1992	Added Part IX to the Constitution establishing Panchayati Raj institutions with mandatory reservations for SCs, STs, and women, creating constitutional mechanisms to counter historical bias in local governance representation.	Transformed local governance by ensuring representation of historically marginalized groups, though implementation has faced challenges of elite capture and continued bias in practice.
74th Amendment	1992	Added Part IXA establishing urban local bodies with similar reservation provisions as Panchayati Raj, extending anti-bias measures to urban governance structures.	Democratized urban governance and provided constitutional protection against bias in municipal administration, though urban elite dominance remains a challenge.