Avoiding Bias — Landmark Cases

Landmark Cases

E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu

1974

This landmark judgment revolutionized the understanding of equality under Article 14 by introducing the concept that arbitrariness violates equality. The Court held that 'equality…

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India

1978

This case expanded the scope of Article 21 and established that administrative procedures must be fair, just, and reasonable. The judgment emphasized that any procedure…

Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (Mandal Commission Case)

1992

This case addressed the complex issue of reservation and positive discrimination, establishing guidelines to prevent bias in implementation of affirmative action policies. The…