Demographic Dividend — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
86th Amendment Act	2002	Inserted Article 21A into the Constitution, making education a Fundamental Right for children between 6 and 14 years. It also amended Article 45 to provide for early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years, and Article 51A(k) making it a fundamental duty of parents/guardians to provide education to their child.	Directly supports human capital formation by ensuring basic education, a critical prerequisite for a skilled and productive workforce essential for harnessing the demographic dividend. This legal backing for education is foundational for a future-ready labor force.
42nd Amendment Act	1976	Added new Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) like Article 39A (equal justice and free legal aid), Article 43A (participation of workers in management of industries), and Article 48A (protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife).	While not directly about population, the DPSP additions, particularly those related to worker welfare and social justice, indirectly contribute to a more equitable and healthy society. A well-protected and empowered workforce is crucial for maximizing the benefits of the demographic dividend. Improved social conditions can also influence fertility decisions.

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