Indian Geography - Physical — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment Act	1976	This amendment introduced Article 48A (Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life) as a Directive Principle of State Policy, and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty to protect and improve the natural environment) as a Fundamental Duty. It also transferred 'Forests' and 'Protection of Wild Animals and Birds' from the State List to the Concurrent List.	Significantly strengthened the constitutional mandate for environmental protection and conservation of natural resources, including forests and wildlife, which are integral components of India's physical geography. It provided a legal basis for state and citizen action towards environmental sustainability, directly influencing policies related to land use, forest management, and biodiversity conservation across diverse physiographic regions.

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