Europe — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
Lisbon Treaty	2007 (entered into force 2009)	The Treaty of Lisbon amended the existing EU treaties (Treaty on European Union and Treaty establishing the European Community) to enhance the EU's efficiency, legitimacy, and coherence. It introduced a long-term President of the European Council, a High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, and gave the European Parliament more legislative power. It also made the Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding.	Streamlined decision-making processes within the EU, strengthened its external representation, and enhanced democratic accountability. It was a significant institutional reform aimed at making the enlarged EU more effective, though it faced initial resistance and referendums in some member states.
Brexit (UK's Withdrawal from EU)	2020	While not an 'amendment' to an EU treaty in the traditional sense, Brexit represents a fundamental alteration of Europe's political and economic geography. Following a 2016 referendum, the United Kingdom formally withdrew from the European Union on 31 January 2020, ending its 47-year membership. This involved complex negotiations on trade, citizens' rights, and the Northern Ireland border.	Redefined the UK's relationship with the EU, created new trade barriers, and introduced unique border arrangements for Northern Ireland. It also shifted the demographic and political balance within the EU, impacting its internal dynamics and global standing. For India, it opened avenues for direct bilateral trade agreements with the UK, independent of the EU.

Also build Paper II skills

Regional comparisons and process chains train the same coherence and inference habits CSAT passages demand. CSAT hub.

• Data interpretation
• Estimation techniques
• Logical deductions