Border Disputes — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
9th Constitutional Amendment Act	1960	Enacted to give effect to the transfer of Berubari Union territory to Pakistan, as per the Nehru-Noon Agreement (1958). This amendment was necessitated by the Supreme Court's advisory opinion in the Berubari Union case, which ruled that Parliament's power under Article 3 was insufficient for ceding Indian territory.	Established the constitutional precedent that any cession of Indian territory to a foreign state requires a constitutional amendment under Article 368, thereby safeguarding India's territorial integrity and making such transfers a more rigorous process.
100th Constitutional Amendment Act	2015	Ratified the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) with Bangladesh, facilitating the exchange of enclaves and adverse possessions. This involved the transfer of 111 Indian enclaves to Bangladesh and 51 Bangladeshi enclaves to India, along with adverse possessions.	Significantly resolved a long-standing and complex border dispute with Bangladesh, simplifying the boundary, improving border management, and enhancing bilateral relations. It demonstrated India's commitment to resolving disputes peacefully through constitutional means and diplomatic engagement.

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