Geopolitics and Strategic Geography — Mains Questions

Critically analyze the enduring relevance of classical geopolitical theories (Mackinder, Spykman, Mahan) in understanding contemporary global power dynamics. How has India adapted its strategic thinking in light of these historical frameworks and emerging challenges?

The Indo-Pacific region has emerged as the new geopolitical fulcrum. Discuss the strategic significance of this region for India and evaluate India's approach to shaping its future.

Examine the geopolitical implications of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for India and the wider Indo-Pacific region. What are India's counter-strategies?