State Government — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
7th Amendment	1956	Reorganized states on linguistic basis and restructured the federal framework by abolishing the classification of states into Part A, B, and C categories, creating a uniform structure for all states.	Established the current framework of state governments with uniform constitutional status and powers, laying foundation for linguistic federalism in India.
42nd Amendment	1976	Transferred five subjects from State List to Concurrent List (education, forests, weights and measures, protection of wild animals and birds, administration of justice including constitution and organization of all courts except Supreme Court and High Courts).	Significantly centralized power by reducing state autonomy in key areas, though some provisions were later modified by subsequent amendments.
44th Amendment	1978	Restored some balance in Centre-state relations by making President's Rule proclamation subject to judicial review and requiring Parliamentary approval within stricter timeframes.	Strengthened federalism by providing safeguards against arbitrary use of Article 356 and ensuring greater Parliamentary oversight of emergency provisions.
73rd Amendment	1992	Constitutionalized Panchayati Raj institutions and mandated states to establish three-tier local governance structure in rural areas with regular elections and devolution of powers.	Created constitutional obligation for states to establish and empower local governments, fundamentally altering the federal structure by adding a third tier.
74th Amendment	1992	Provided constitutional status to urban local bodies and required states to establish municipalities with elected representatives and devolved powers for urban governance.	Extended constitutional protection to urban local governance and mandated states to create institutional framework for city governance with regular elections.
91st Amendment	2003	Limited the size of Council of Ministers at state level to 15% of the Legislative Assembly strength and imposed disqualification for defection from political parties.	Prevented oversized cabinets at state level and strengthened party discipline by making defection grounds for disqualification from legislature membership.
101st Amendment	2016	Introduced Goods and Services Tax by amending taxation powers of both Union and states, creating GST Council as a federal institution for tax policy coordination.	Revolutionized Centre-state financial relations by creating cooperative federalism in taxation while reducing states' independent taxation powers in exchange for revenue sharing.

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