Federal Structure — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
7th Amendment	1956	Reorganized states on linguistic basis and amended the Seventh Schedule to reflect the new state structure. It restructured the Union and State Lists and provided for the creation of Union Territories.	Strengthened linguistic federalism and created the foundation for the modern state structure, enabling better representation of linguistic communities within the federal framework.
42nd Amendment	1976	Transferred five subjects (education, forests, weights and measures, protection of wild animals and birds, and administration of justice) from the State List to the Concurrent List, expanding Union Government's legislative reach.	Significantly centralized power by reducing state autonomy in key areas, leading to criticism that it undermined the federal balance and concentrated excessive power with the Union Government.
73rd Amendment	1992	Constitutionalized Panchayati Raj institutions by adding Part IX to the Constitution, creating a three-tier system of local governance and adding the Eleventh Schedule with 29 subjects for Panchayats.	Extended federalism to the grassroots level by creating a third tier of government, transforming India from a two-tier to a three-tier federal system and strengthening democratic decentralization.
74th Amendment	1992	Provided constitutional status to urban local bodies by adding Part IXA and the Twelfth Schedule with 18 subjects for municipalities, completing the three-tier federal structure.	Completed the federal structure by constitutionalizing urban governance, ensuring that federalism extends to both rural and urban areas and strengthening local democracy.
101st Amendment	2016	Introduced Goods and Services Tax (GST) by adding Article 246A and creating the GST Council as a federal body for tax administration, fundamentally altering fiscal federalism.	Revolutionized India's fiscal federalism by creating a unified national market, requiring unprecedented cooperation between Union and States through the GST Council, and transforming indirect tax structure.

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