Constitutional Framework — Landmark Judgments

Landmark Judgments

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

1973

This landmark 13-judge bench decision established the basic structure doctrine, fundamentally altering constitutional interpretation in India. The court held that while Parliament…

Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India

1980

This judgment refined and strengthened the basic structure doctrine by striking down key provisions of the 42nd Amendment. The court held that the amendment's attempt to place…

I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu

2007

This 9-judge bench decision clarified the application of basic structure doctrine to laws placed in the Ninth Schedule. The court held that laws added to the Ninth Schedule after…

S.R. Bommai v. Union of India

1994

This landmark judgment on Article 356 (President's Rule) established crucial limitations on the central government's power to dismiss state governments. The court held that the…

Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain

1975

This judgment struck down the 39th Constitutional Amendment that sought to immunize the Prime Minister's election from judicial review. The court held that free and fair elections…

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Dense constitutional and IR passages mirror CSAT-style comprehension and argument evaluation—build those skills in parallel. CSAT hub.

• Valid & invalid arguments
• Syllogisms
• Critical reasoning