Antibiotics and Vaccines — Prelims Questions

Which of the following statements about antibiotics and vaccines is/are correct? 1. Antibiotics primarily target viral infections, while vaccines prevent bacterial infections. 2. Live-attenuated vaccines generally provide stronger and longer-lasting immunity than inactivated vaccines. 3. Antibiotic resistance is mainly caused by the overuse of antibiotics in human medicine only. 4. mRNA vaccines work by introducing a weakened form of the pathogen into the body.

Consider the following statements regarding India's pharmaceutical policy and regulation: 1. The Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) is responsible for approving clinical trials and granting marketing authorization for drugs and vaccines. 2. The Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) aims to fix or revise prices of essential drugs to ensure affordability. 3. The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Pharmaceuticals primarily focuses on promoting the export of generic drugs.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?

Consider the following statements regarding vaccine types: 1. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated bacterial toxins to induce immunity. 2. Conjugate vaccines are designed to improve the immune response to polysaccharide antigens in young children. 3. Viral vector vaccines use a modified, harmless virus to deliver genetic material for an antigen.

Which of the following initiatives/policies are directly related to ensuring access and affordability of medicines in India? 1. Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) 2. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Pharmaceuticals 3. Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) 4. National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR)