Extraction of Metals — Mains Questions

Discuss the thermodynamic principles governing metal extraction, specifically explaining the utility of Ellingham diagrams in selecting appropriate reducing agents. Illustrate with examples from iron and aluminum extraction.

Analyze the environmental implications of large-scale metal extraction processes in India. Suggest sustainable practices and modern technologies that can mitigate these impacts, with reference to the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative.

Compare and contrast pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy as methods for metal extraction. Provide specific examples for each and discuss their suitability for different types of ores and metals.