IITs and IISc — Mains Questions

Critically analyze the role of IITs and IISc in fostering India's technological sovereignty and achieving the goals of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'. Discuss the challenges they face and suggest measures for further strengthening their contributions.

Examine the governance structure and autonomy of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) as enshrined in the IIT Act, 1961. To what extent has this framework enabled their excellence, and what reforms might be necessary in the contemporary context?

Compare and contrast the roles and contributions of IITs and IISc in India's scientific and technological landscape. Discuss how recent government policies and initiatives are shaping their future trajectory.