Article 15(4) and 16(4) — Landmark Judgments

Landmark Judgments

State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan

1951

This case led to the First Constitutional Amendment adding Article 15(4). The Supreme Court struck down the Madras government's communal reservation policy in educational…

Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (Mandal Case)

1992

This landmark nine-judge bench decision upheld the constitutional validity of reservations for OBCs while establishing crucial limitations. The Court introduced the 50% ceiling on…

M. Nagaraj v. Union of India

2006

This judgment clarified the scope of Articles 16(4) and 16(4A), establishing that these are enabling provisions rather than fundamental rights. The Court introduced the triple…

Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India

2008

This case upheld the constitutional validity of the 93rd Constitutional Amendment and the Central Educational Institutions Reservation Act, 2006. The Court validated 27%…