Grassland Ecosystems — Environmental Laws

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment Act	1976	Inserted Article 48A (Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life) and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental duty to protect and improve the natural environment) into the Constitution. Transferred 'Forests' and 'Protection of Wild Animals and Birds' from the State List to the Concurrent List.	Provided a constitutional mandate for environmental protection, including habitats like grasslands, and allowed both central and state governments to legislate on these matters, strengthening the legal framework for conservation. This laid the groundwork for subsequent environmental legislation that indirectly protects grasslands.
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act	2022	Amended the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, to align with CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). It increased penalties for violations, rationalized schedules of protected species, and introduced provisions for management authorities for CITES-listed species.	While not specific to grasslands, strengthening the WPA 1972 through increased penalties and better management of CITES-listed species has a direct positive impact on grassland fauna, many of which are endangered (e.g., Great Indian Bustard, Blackbuck). Enhanced protection for these species inherently leads to better protection of their grassland habitats.

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