Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

7 topics · 18 pages

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01.01Matter and Its Nature
2 sub-topics
- 01.01.01Physical and Chemical Properties
- 01.01.02Mixtures and Pure Substances
01.02Laws of Chemical CombinationHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 01.02.01Law of Conservation of Mass
- 01.02.02Law of Definite Proportions
- 01.02.03Law of Multiple Proportions
01.03Dalton's Atomic TheoryHigh yield
01.04Atomic and Molecular MassesHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 01.04.01Atomic Mass Unit
- 01.04.02Molecular Mass and Formula Mass
01.05Mole Concept and Molar MassHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 01.05.01Avogadro's Number
- 01.05.02Molar Volume of Gases
01.06Percentage CompositionHigh yield
01.07Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric CalculationsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 01.07.01Limiting Reagent
- 01.07.02Theoretical and Percentage Yield

Structure of Atom

6 topics · 19 pages

Open chapter →

02.01Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron
2 sub-topics
- 02.01.01Thomson's Model
- 02.01.02Rutherford's Model
02.02Atomic ModelsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 02.02.01Bohr's Model
- 02.02.02Limitations of Bohr's Model
02.03Quantum Mechanical Model of AtomHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 02.03.01de Broglie's Relation
- 02.03.02Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- 02.03.03Schrödinger Wave Equation
02.04Quantum NumbersHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 02.04.01Principal Quantum Number
- 02.04.02Azimuthal and Magnetic Quantum Numbers
- 02.04.03Spin Quantum Number
02.05Shapes of Atomic OrbitalsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 02.05.01s, p, d and f Orbitals
02.06Aufbau Principle, Pauli's Exclusion Principle and Hund's RuleHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 02.06.01Electronic Configuration
- 02.06.02Stability of Half-filled and Completely Filled Orbitals

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

5 topics · 13 pages

Open chapter →

03.01Significance of Classification
03.02Brief History of Development of Periodic Table
2 sub-topics
- 03.02.01Mendeleev's Periodic Law
- 03.02.02Modern Periodic Law
03.03Modern Periodic TableHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 03.03.01Long Form of Periodic Table
- 03.03.02Nomenclature of Elements
03.04Electronic Configuration of ElementsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 03.04.01s, p, d and f Block Elements
03.05Periodic Trends in PropertiesHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 03.05.01Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius
- 03.05.02Ionization Enthalpy
- 03.05.03Electron Gain Enthalpy and Electronegativity

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

8 topics · 22 pages

Open chapter →

04.01Kossel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
04.02Ionic BondHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 04.02.01Formation of Ionic Bond
- 04.02.02Lattice Enthalpy
- 04.02.03Properties of Ionic Compounds
04.03Covalent BondHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 04.03.01Lewis Structures
- 04.03.02Polar and Non-polar Covalent Bonds
- 04.03.03Covalent Character of Ionic Bonds
04.04Bond ParametersHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 04.04.01Bond Length and Bond Angle
- 04.04.02Bond Enthalpy and Bond Order
04.05VSEPR TheoryHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 04.05.01Molecular Geometry
04.06Valence Bond TheoryHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 04.06.01Orbital Overlap Concept
- 04.06.02Hybridization
04.07Molecular Orbital Theory
2 sub-topics
- 04.07.01Formation of Molecular Orbitals
- 04.07.02Electronic Configuration of Molecules
04.08Hydrogen BondingHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 04.08.01Intermolecular and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

6 topics · 16 pages

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05.01Intermolecular ForcesHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 05.01.01van der Waals Forces
- 05.01.02Ion-Dipole Forces
05.02Thermal Energy
05.03Gaseous StateHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 05.03.01Gas Laws
- 05.03.02Ideal Gas Equation
- 05.03.03Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
05.04Behaviour of Real Gases
2 sub-topics
- 05.04.01Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour
- 05.04.02van der Waals Equation
05.05Liquefaction of Gases
05.06Liquid StateHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 05.06.01Properties of Liquids
- 05.06.02Vapour Pressure
- 05.06.03Surface Tension and Viscosity

Thermodynamics

7 topics · 19 pages

Open chapter →

06.01Concepts of System and SurroundingsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 06.01.01Types of Systems
- 06.01.02State Functions and Path Functions
06.02Work, Heat, EnergyHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 06.02.01Internal Energy
- 06.02.02First Law of Thermodynamics
06.03EnthalpyHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 06.03.01Heat Capacity
- 06.03.02Enthalpy of Phase Transition
- 06.03.03Standard Enthalpy of Formation
06.04Measurement of ΔU and ΔH
1 sub-topic
- 06.04.01Calorimetry
06.05Hess's Law of Constant Heat SummationHigh yield
06.06Bond EnthalpyHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 06.06.01Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
06.07SpontaneityHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 06.07.01Entropy
- 06.07.02Gibbs Energy Change
- 06.07.03Criteria for Equilibrium

Equilibrium

6 topics · 17 pages

Open chapter →

07.01Equilibrium in Physical and Chemical ProcessesHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 07.01.01Dynamic Nature of Equilibrium
07.02Law of Chemical EquilibriumHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 07.02.01Equilibrium Constant
- 07.02.02Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria
07.03Le Chatelier's PrincipleHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 07.03.01Effect of Concentration, Pressure and Temperature
07.04Ionic Equilibrium in SolutionHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 07.04.01Weak and Strong Electrolytes
- 07.04.02Ionization of Acids and Bases
07.05Acids, Bases and SaltsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 07.05.01Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts
- 07.05.02pH Scale
- 07.05.03Buffer Solutions
07.06Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts
2 sub-topics
- 07.06.01Solubility Product Constant
- 07.06.02Common Ion Effect

Redox Reactions

4 topics · 8 pages

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08.01Concept of Oxidation and ReductionHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 08.01.01Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer
08.02Oxidation NumberHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 08.02.01Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers
08.03Balancing Redox ReactionsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 08.03.01Oxidation Number Method
- 08.03.02Half Reaction Method
08.04Redox Reactions in Titrimetry

Hydrogen

8 topics · 16 pages

Open chapter →

09.01Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table
09.02Occurrence and Isotopes of Hydrogen
1 sub-topic
- 09.02.01Protium, Deuterium and Tritium
09.03Preparation of Dihydrogen
1 sub-topic
- 09.03.01Laboratory and Industrial Methods
09.04Properties of Dihydrogen
1 sub-topic
- 09.04.01Physical and Chemical Properties
09.05Hydrides
1 sub-topic
- 09.05.01Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Hydrides
09.06Water
2 sub-topics
- 09.06.01Physical and Chemical Properties
- 09.06.02Structure of Water and Ice
09.07Hydrogen Peroxide
2 sub-topics
- 09.07.01Preparation, Properties and Structure
- 09.07.02Storage and Uses
09.08Heavy Water

s-Block Elements

6 topics · 16 pages

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10.01Group 1 Elements: Alkali MetalsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 10.01.01Electronic Configuration
- 10.01.02Occurrence and Extraction
- 10.01.03Properties and Chemical Reactivity
10.02Group 2 Elements: Alkaline Earth MetalsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 10.02.01Electronic Configuration
- 10.02.02Occurrence and Extraction
- 10.02.03Properties and Chemical Reactivity
10.03General Characteristics of CompoundsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 10.03.01Oxides, Hydroxides, Halides
- 10.03.02Salts of Oxoacids
10.04Anomalous Properties of Lithium and Beryllium
10.05Some Important CompoundsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 10.05.01Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide
- 10.05.02Calcium Oxide, Calcium Carbonate, Plaster of Paris
10.06Biological Importance of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium

Some p-Block Elements

4 topics · 10 pages

Open chapter →

11.01Group 13 Elements: The Boron FamilyHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 11.01.01Electronic Configuration and General Properties
- 11.01.02Boron and its Compounds
- 11.01.03Aluminium and its Compounds
11.02Group 14 Elements: The Carbon FamilyHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 11.02.01Electronic Configuration and General Properties
- 11.02.02Allotropes of Carbon
- 11.02.03Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon
11.03Catenation
11.04Allotropy

Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

8 topics · 21 pages

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12.01General Introduction — Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
1 sub-topic
- 12.01.01Tetravalence of Carbon
12.02Methods of Purification
1 sub-topic
- 12.02.01Crystallisation, Distillation, Chromatography
12.03Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
2 sub-topics
- 12.03.01Detection of Elements
- 12.03.02Estimation of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus
12.04Classification of Organic CompoundsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 12.04.01Functional Groups
- 12.04.02Homologous Series
12.05Nomenclature of Organic CompoundsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 12.05.01IUPAC System of Nomenclature
12.06IsomerismHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 12.06.01Structural and Stereoisomerism
12.07Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction MechanismHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 12.07.01Fission of Covalent Bond
- 12.07.02Nucleophiles and Electrophiles
- 12.07.03Electron Movement in Organic Reactions
12.08Methods of Electron Displacement
2 sub-topics
- 12.08.01Inductive and Resonance Effects
- 12.08.02Electromeric and Hyperconjugation Effects

Hydrocarbons

6 topics · 17 pages

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13.01Classification of HydrocarbonsHigh yield
13.02AlkanesHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 13.02.01Nomenclature, Isomerism, Conformation
- 13.02.02Physical and Chemical Properties
- 13.02.03Methods of Preparation
13.03AlkenesHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 13.03.01Nomenclature, Structure of Double Bond
- 13.03.02Geometrical Isomerism
- 13.03.03Physical and Chemical Properties
13.04AlkynesHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 13.04.01Nomenclature, Structure of Triple Bond
- 13.04.02Physical and Chemical Properties
13.05Aromatic HydrocarbonsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 13.05.01Introduction to Aromaticity
- 13.05.02Benzene: Resonance, Aromaticity
- 13.05.03Chemical Properties of Benzene
13.06Directive Influence of Functional Group in Monosubstituted Benzene

Environmental Chemistry

6 topics · 13 pages

Open chapter →

14.01Environmental Pollution
1 sub-topic
- 14.01.01Air, Water and Soil Pollution
14.02Atmospheric Pollution
3 sub-topics
- 14.02.01Tropospheric and Stratospheric Pollution
- 14.02.02Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect
- 14.02.03Acid Rain and Ozone Layer Depletion
14.03Water Pollution
1 sub-topic
- 14.03.01Causes and Effects
14.04Soil Pollution
1 sub-topic
- 14.04.01Causes and Effects
14.05Industrial Waste
14.06Strategies to Control Environmental Pollution
1 sub-topic
- 14.06.01Green Chemistry

Solid State

7 topics · 16 pages

Open chapter →

15.01General Characteristics of Solid State
15.02Amorphous and Crystalline SolidsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 15.02.01Classification of Crystalline Solids
15.03Crystal Lattices and Unit CellsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 15.03.01Number of Atoms in Unit Cell
- 15.03.02Close Packed Structures
15.04Packing in SolidsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 15.04.01Packing Efficiency
- 15.04.02Voids in Close Packed Structures
15.05Ionic SolidsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 15.05.01Radius Ratio Rules
- 15.05.02Lattice Energy
15.06Imperfections in Solids
1 sub-topic
- 15.06.01Point Defects
15.07Electrical and Magnetic Properties
1 sub-topic
- 15.07.01Band Theory of Metals

Solutions

8 topics · 21 pages

Open chapter →

16.01Types of Solutions
16.02Expression of Concentration of SolutionsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 16.02.01Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage
- 16.02.02Parts per Million, Mole Fraction
- 16.02.03Molarity, Molality
16.03SolubilityHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 16.03.01Solubility of Gas in Liquids
- 16.03.02Solid Solutions
16.04Vapour Pressure of Liquid SolutionsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 16.04.01Raoult's Law
- 16.04.02Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids
16.05Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
1 sub-topic
- 16.05.01Positive and Negative Deviations from Raoult's Law
16.06Colligative PropertiesHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 16.06.01Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
- 16.06.02Elevation of Boiling Point
- 16.06.03Depression of Freezing Point
16.07Osmotic PressureHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 16.07.01Determination of Molecular Masses
16.08Abnormal Molecular Mass
1 sub-topic
- 16.08.01van't Hoff Factor

Electrochemistry

8 topics · 19 pages

Open chapter →

17.01Redox ReactionsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 17.01.01Conductance in Electrolytic Solutions
17.02Electrolytic ConductanceHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 17.02.01Specific and Molar Conductivity
- 17.02.02Variations of Conductivity with Concentration
- 17.02.03Kohlrausch's Law
17.03ElectrolysisHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 17.03.01Laws of Electrolysis
17.04Galvanic CellsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 17.04.01Measurement of Electrode Potential
- 17.04.02Nernst Equation
- 17.04.03Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
17.05Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs EnergyHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 17.05.01EMF of a Cell
17.06Batteries
1 sub-topic
- 17.06.01Primary and Secondary Batteries
17.07Fuel Cells
17.08Corrosion
1 sub-topic
- 17.08.01Prevention of Corrosion

Chemical Kinetics

5 topics · 11 pages

Open chapter →

18.01Rate of a Chemical ReactionHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 18.01.01Average and Instantaneous Rate
18.02Factors Influencing Rate of ReactionHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 18.02.01Concentration, Temperature, Catalyst
18.03Integrated Rate EquationsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 18.03.01Zero and First Order Reactions
- 18.03.02Half-life of a Reaction
18.04Temperature Dependence of Rate Constant
1 sub-topic
- 18.04.01Arrhenius Equation
18.05Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
1 sub-topic
- 18.05.01Activation Energy

Surface Chemistry

3 topics · 12 pages

Open chapter →

19.01Adsorption
3 sub-topics
- 19.01.01Physisorption and Chemisorption
- 19.01.02Factors Affecting Adsorption
- 19.01.03Adsorption Isotherms
19.02Catalysis
3 sub-topics
- 19.02.01Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- 19.02.02Activity and Selectivity of Solid Catalysts
- 19.02.03Enzyme Catalysis
19.03Colloids
3 sub-topics
- 19.03.01Classification of Colloids
- 19.03.02Emulsions
- 19.03.03Properties of Colloids

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

7 topics · 10 pages

Open chapter →

20.01Principles and Methods of Extraction
1 sub-topic
- 20.01.01Concentration, Oxidation and Reduction
20.02Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
1 sub-topic
- 20.02.01Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
20.03Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
1 sub-topic
- 20.03.01Ellingham Diagram
20.04Extraction of Aluminium
20.05Extraction of Iron
20.06Extraction of Copper
20.07Extraction of Zinc

p-Block Elements

4 topics · 15 pages

Open chapter →

21.01Group 15 ElementsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 21.01.01Electronic Configuration, Occurrence
- 21.01.02Oxidation States and Trends in Physical and Chemical Properties
- 21.01.03Nitrogen and its Compounds
21.02Group 16 ElementsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 21.02.01Electronic Configuration, Oxidation States
- 21.02.02Trends in Physical and Chemical Properties
- 21.02.03Dioxygen and Ozone
21.03Group 17 ElementsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 21.03.01Electronic Configuration, Oxidation States
- 21.03.02Trends in Physical and Chemical Properties
- 21.03.03Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride
21.04Group 18 Elements
2 sub-topics
- 21.04.01Electronic Configuration
- 21.04.02Occurrence and Uses

d and f Block Elements

5 topics · 14 pages

Open chapter →

22.01General IntroductionHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 22.01.01Electronic Configuration
- 22.01.02Occurrence and Characteristics
22.02General Properties of Transition ElementsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 22.02.01Physical Properties
- 22.02.02Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes
- 22.02.03Ionisation Enthalpy, Oxidation States
22.03Some Important Compounds of Transition ElementsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 22.03.01Preparation and Properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
22.04Lanthanoids
2 sub-topics
- 22.04.01Electronic Configuration
- 22.04.02Oxidation States and Lanthanoid Contraction
22.05Actinoids
1 sub-topic
- 22.05.01Electronic Configuration and Oxidation States

Coordination Compounds

6 topics · 12 pages

Open chapter →

23.01Coordination CompoundsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 23.01.01Introduction and Terminology
23.02Nomenclature of Coordination CompoundsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 23.02.01IUPAC Nomenclature
23.03Isomerism in Coordination CompoundsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 23.03.01Structural and Stereoisomerism
23.04Bonding in Coordination CompoundsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 23.04.01Valence Bond Theory
- 23.04.02Crystal Field Theory
23.05Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties
23.06Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
1 sub-topic
- 23.06.01Uses in Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

3 topics · 9 pages

Open chapter →

24.01HaloalkanesHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 24.01.01Nomenclature, Nature of C-X Bond
- 24.01.02Physical and Chemical Properties
- 24.01.03Mechanism of Substitution Reactions
24.02HaloarenesHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 24.02.01Nature of C-X Bond
- 24.02.02Substitution Reactions
24.03Uses and Environmental Effects
1 sub-topic
- 24.03.01DDT, Carbon Tetrachloride, Freon, Iodoform

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

3 topics · 12 pages

Open chapter →

25.01AlcoholsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 25.01.01Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation
- 25.01.02Physical and Chemical Properties
- 25.01.03Uses of Methanol and Ethanol
25.02PhenolsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 25.02.01Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation
- 25.02.02Physical and Chemical Properties
- 25.02.03Uses of Phenol
25.03EthersHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 25.03.01Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation
- 25.03.02Physical and Chemical Properties
- 25.03.03Uses

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

3 topics · 10 pages

Open chapter →

26.01Aldehydes and KetonesHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 26.01.01Nomenclature, Nature of Carbonyl Group
- 26.01.02Methods of Preparation
- 26.01.03Physical and Chemical Properties
26.02Carboxylic AcidsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 26.02.01Nomenclature, Acidic Nature
- 26.02.02Methods of Preparation
- 26.02.03Physical and Chemical Properties
26.03Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
1 sub-topic
- 26.03.01Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Benzaldehyde, Acetone

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

3 topics · 9 pages

Open chapter →

27.01AminesHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 27.01.01Nomenclature, Classification, Structure
- 27.01.02Methods of Preparation
- 27.01.03Physical and Chemical Properties
27.02Cyanides and Isocyanides
1 sub-topic
- 27.02.01Will be mentioned at relevant places
27.03Diazonium SaltsHigh yield
2 sub-topics
- 27.03.01Preparation, Chemical Reactions
- 27.03.02Importance in Synthetic Organic Chemistry

Biomolecules

5 topics · 14 pages

Open chapter →

28.01CarbohydratesHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 28.01.01Classification of Carbohydrates
- 28.01.02Glucose and Fructose
- 28.01.03Sucrose, Starch, Cellulose
28.02ProteinsHigh yield
3 sub-topics
- 28.02.01Elementary Idea of α-amino Acids
- 28.02.02Peptide Bond
- 28.02.03Polypeptides, Proteins, Structure of Proteins
28.03Enzymes
1 sub-topic
- 28.03.01Types and Functions of Enzymes
28.04Vitamins
1 sub-topic
- 28.04.01Classification and Functions
28.05Nucleic AcidsHigh yield
1 sub-topic
- 28.05.01DNA and RNA

Polymers

4 topics · 7 pages

Open chapter →

29.01Classification of Polymers
2 sub-topics
- 29.01.01Natural and Synthetic Polymers
- 29.01.02Methods of Polymerisation
29.02Copolymerisation
29.03Some Important Polymers
1 sub-topic
- 29.03.01Natural and Synthetic like Polythene, Nylon, Polyesters, Bakelite, Rubber
29.04Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Polymers

Chemistry in Everyday Life

8 topics · 15 pages

Open chapter →

30.01Drugs and their Classification
2 sub-topics
- 30.01.01Drug-Target Interaction
- 30.01.02Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs
30.02Antacids, Antihistamines
30.03Neurologically Active Drugs
1 sub-topic
- 30.03.01Analgesics, Tranquilizers, Antidepressants
30.04Antimicrobials
1 sub-topic
- 30.04.01Antibiotics, Antiseptics, Disinfectants
30.05Antifertility Drugs
30.06Antibiotics
1 sub-topic
- 30.06.01Penicillin, Streptomycin
30.07Chemicals in Food
1 sub-topic
- 30.07.01Preservatives, Artificial Sweetening Agents
30.08Cleansing Agents
1 sub-topic
- 30.08.01Soaps and Detergents, Cleansing Action

Chemistry — For NEET UG 2026