chapter30

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Structure of Atom

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Thermodynamics

Equilibrium

Redox Reactions

Hydrogen

s-Block Elements

Some p-Block Elements

Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Hydrocarbons

Environmental Chemistry

Solid State

Solutions

Electrochemistry

Chemical Kinetics

Surface Chemistry

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

p-Block Elements

d and f Block Elements

Coordination Compounds

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Biomolecules

Polymers

Chemistry in Everyday Life

topic169

Matter and Its Nature

Laws of Chemical Combination

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Atomic and Molecular Masses

Mole Concept and Molar Mass

Percentage Composition

Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations

Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron

Atomic Models

Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

Quantum Numbers

Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

Aufbau Principle, Pauli's Exclusion Principle and Hund's Rule

Significance of Classification

Brief History of Development of Periodic Table

Modern Periodic Table

Electronic Configuration of Elements

Periodic Trends in Properties

Kossel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding

Ionic Bond

Covalent Bond

Bond Parameters

VSEPR Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory

Hydrogen Bonding

Intermolecular Forces

Thermal Energy

Gaseous State

Behaviour of Real Gases

Liquefaction of Gases

Liquid State

Concepts of System and Surroundings

Work, Heat, Energy

Enthalpy

Measurement of ??U and ??H

Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation

Bond Enthalpy

Spontaneity

Equilibrium in Physical and Chemical Processes

Law of Chemical Equilibrium

Le Chatelier's Principle

Ionic Equilibrium in Solution

Acids, Bases and Salts

Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts

Concept of Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation Number

Balancing Redox Reactions

Redox Reactions in Titrimetry

Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table

Occurrence and Isotopes of Hydrogen

Preparation of Dihydrogen

Properties of Dihydrogen

Hydrides

Water

Hydrogen Peroxide

Heavy Water

Group 1 Elements: Alkali Metals

Group 2 Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals

General Characteristics of Compounds

Anomalous Properties of Lithium and Beryllium

Some Important Compounds

Biological Importance of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium

Group 13 Elements: The Boron Family

Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family

Catenation

Allotropy

General Introduction

Methods of Purification

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Classification of Organic Compounds

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Isomerism

Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism

Methods of Electron Displacement

Classification of Hydrocarbons

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Directive Influence of Functional Group in Monosubstituted Benzene

Environmental Pollution

Atmospheric Pollution

Water Pollution

Soil Pollution

Industrial Waste

Strategies to Control Environmental Pollution

General Characteristics of Solid State

Amorphous and Crystalline Solids

Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Packing in Solids

Ionic Solids

Imperfections in Solids

Electrical and Magnetic Properties

Types of Solutions

Expression of Concentration of Solutions

Solubility

Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions

Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions

Colligative Properties

Osmotic Pressure

Abnormal Molecular Mass

Redox Reactions

Electrolytic Conductance

Electrolysis

Galvanic Cells

Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy

Batteries

Fuel Cells

Corrosion

Rate of a Chemical Reaction

Factors Influencing Rate of Reaction

Integrated Rate Equations

Temperature Dependence of Rate Constant

Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions

Adsorption

Catalysis

Colloids

Principles and Methods of Extraction

Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore

Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy

Extraction of Aluminium

Extraction of Iron

Extraction of Copper

Extraction of Zinc

Group 15 Elements

Group 16 Elements

Group 17 Elements

Group 18 Elements

General Introduction

General Properties of Transition Elements

Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements

Lanthanoids

Actinoids

Coordination Compounds

Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

Bonding in Coordination Compounds

Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties

Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

Haloalkanes

Haloarenes

Uses and Environmental Effects

Alcohols

Phenols

Ethers

Aldehydes and Ketones

Carboxylic Acids

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

Amines

Cyanides and Isocyanides

Diazonium Salts

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Enzymes

Vitamins

Nucleic Acids

Classification of Polymers

Copolymerisation

Some Important Polymers

Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Polymers

Drugs and their Classification

Antacids, Antihistamines

Neurologically Active Drugs

Antimicrobials

Antifertility Drugs

Antibiotics

Chemicals in Food

Cleansing Agents

subtopic262

Physical and Chemical Properties

Mixtures and Pure Substances

Law of Conservation of Mass

Law of Definite Proportions

Law of Multiple Proportions

Atomic Mass Unit

Molecular Mass and Formula Mass

Avogadro's Number

Molar Volume of Gases

Limiting Reagent

Theoretical and Percentage Yield

Thomson's Model

Rutherford's Model

Bohr's Model

Limitations of Bohr's Model

de Broglie's Relation

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Schr??dinger Wave Equation

Principal Quantum Number

Azimuthal and Magnetic Quantum Numbers

Spin Quantum Number

s, p, d and f Orbitals

Electronic Configuration

Stability of Half-filled and Completely Filled Orbitals

Mendeleev's Periodic Law

Modern Periodic Law

Long Form of Periodic Table

Nomenclature of Elements

s, p, d and f Block Elements

Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius

Ionization Enthalpy

Electron Gain Enthalpy and Electronegativity

Formation of Ionic Bond

Lattice Enthalpy

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Lewis Structures

Polar and Non-polar Covalent Bonds

Covalent Character of Ionic Bonds

Bond Length and Bond Angle

Bond Enthalpy and Bond Order

Molecular Geometry

Orbital Overlap Concept

Hybridization

Formation of Molecular Orbitals

Electronic Configuration of Molecules

Intermolecular and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding

van der Waals Forces

Ion-Dipole Forces

Gas Laws

Ideal Gas Equation

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour

van der Waals Equation

Properties of Liquids

Vapour Pressure

Surface Tension and Viscosity

Types of Systems

State Functions and Path Functions

Internal Energy

First Law of Thermodynamics

Heat Capacity

Enthalpy of Phase Transition

Standard Enthalpy of Formation

Calorimetry

Bond Dissociation Enthalpy

Entropy

Gibbs Energy Change

Criteria for Equilibrium

Dynamic Nature of Equilibrium

Equilibrium Constant

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria

Effect of Concentration, Pressure and Temperature

Weak and Strong Electrolytes

Ionization of Acids and Bases

Arrhenius, Br??nsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts

pH Scale

Buffer Solutions

Solubility Product Constant

Common Ion Effect

Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Number Method

Half Reaction Method

Protium, Deuterium and Tritium

Laboratory and Industrial Methods

Physical and Chemical Properties

Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Hydrides

Physical and Chemical Properties

Structure of Water and Ice

Preparation, Properties and Structure

Storage and Uses

Electronic Configuration

Occurrence and Extraction

Properties and Chemical Reactivity

Electronic Configuration

Occurrence and Extraction

Properties and Chemical Reactivity

Oxides, Hydroxides, Halides

Salts of Oxoacids

Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide

Calcium Oxide, Calcium Carbonate, Plaster of Paris

Electronic Configuration and General Properties

Boron and its Compounds

Aluminium and its Compounds

Electronic Configuration and General Properties

Allotropes of Carbon

Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon

Tetravalence of Carbon

Crystallisation, Distillation, Chromatography

Detection of Elements

Estimation of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus

Functional Groups

Homologous Series

IUPAC System of Nomenclature

Structural and Stereoisomerism

Fission of Covalent Bond

Nucleophiles and Electrophiles

Electron Movement in Organic Reactions

Inductive and Resonance Effects

Electromeric and Hyperconjugation Effects

Nomenclature, Isomerism, Conformation

Physical and Chemical Properties

Methods of Preparation

Nomenclature, Structure of Double Bond

Geometrical Isomerism

Physical and Chemical Properties

Nomenclature, Structure of Triple Bond

Physical and Chemical Properties

Introduction to Aromaticity

Benzene: Resonance, Aromaticity

Chemical Properties of Benzene

Air, Water and Soil Pollution

Tropospheric and Stratospheric Pollution

Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect

Acid Rain and Ozone Layer Depletion

Causes and Effects

Causes and Effects

Green Chemistry

Classification of Crystalline Solids

Number of Atoms in Unit Cell

Close Packed Structures

Packing Efficiency

Voids in Close Packed Structures

Radius Ratio Rules

Lattice Energy

Point Defects

Band Theory of Metals

Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage

Parts per Million, Mole Fraction

Molarity, Molality

Solubility of Gas in Liquids

Solid Solutions

Raoult's Law

Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

Positive and Negative Deviations from Raoult's Law

Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

Elevation of Boiling Point

Depression of Freezing Point

Determination of Molecular Masses

van't Hoff Factor

Conductance in Electrolytic Solutions

Specific and Molar Conductivity

Variations of Conductivity with Concentration

Kohlrausch's Law

Laws of Electrolysis

Measurement of Electrode Potential

Nernst Equation

Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation

EMF of a Cell

Primary and Secondary Batteries

Prevention of Corrosion

Average and Instantaneous Rate

Concentration, Temperature, Catalyst

Zero and First Order Reactions

Half-life of a Reaction

Arrhenius Equation

Activation Energy

Physisorption and Chemisorption

Factors Affecting Adsorption

Adsorption Isotherms

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Activity and Selectivity of Solid Catalysts

Enzyme Catalysis

Classification of Colloids

Emulsions

Properties of Colloids

Concentration, Oxidation and Reduction

Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy

Ellingham Diagram

Electronic Configuration, Occurrence

Oxidation States and Trends in Physical and Chemical Properties

Nitrogen and its Compounds

Electronic Configuration, Oxidation States

Trends in Physical and Chemical Properties

Dioxygen and Ozone

Electronic Configuration, Oxidation States

Trends in Physical and Chemical Properties

Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride

Electronic Configuration

Occurrence and Uses

Electronic Configuration

Occurrence and Characteristics

Physical Properties

Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes

Ionisation Enthalpy, Oxidation States

Preparation and Properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4

Electronic Configuration

Oxidation States and Lanthanoid Contraction

Electronic Configuration and Oxidation States

Introduction and Terminology

IUPAC Nomenclature

Structural and Stereoisomerism

Valence Bond Theory

Crystal Field Theory

Uses in Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Nomenclature, Nature of C-X Bond

Physical and Chemical Properties

Mechanism of Substitution Reactions

Nature of C-X Bond

Substitution Reactions

DDT, Carbon Tetrachloride, Freon, Iodoform

Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation

Physical and Chemical Properties

Uses of Methanol and Ethanol

Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation

Physical and Chemical Properties

Uses of Phenol

Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation

Physical and Chemical Properties

Uses

Nomenclature, Nature of Carbonyl Group

Methods of Preparation

Physical and Chemical Properties

Nomenclature, Acidic Nature

Methods of Preparation

Physical and Chemical Properties

Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Benzaldehyde, Acetone

Nomenclature, Classification, Structure

Methods of Preparation

Physical and Chemical Properties

Will be mentioned at relevant places

Preparation, Chemical Reactions

Importance in Synthetic Organic Chemistry

Classification of Carbohydrates

Glucose and Fructose

Sucrose, Starch, Cellulose

Elementary Idea of ??-amino Acids

Peptide Bond

Polypeptides, Proteins, Structure of Proteins

Types and Functions of Enzymes

Classification and Functions

DNA and RNA

Natural and Synthetic Polymers

Methods of Polymerisation

Natural and Synthetic like Polythene, Nylon, Polyesters, Bakelite, Rubber

Drug-Target Interaction

Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs

Analgesics, Tranquilizers, Antidepressants

Antibiotics, Antiseptics, Disinfectants

Penicillin, Streptomycin

Preservatives, Artificial Sweetening Agents

Soaps and Detergents, Cleansing Action