Convention on Biological Diversity — Environmental Laws

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety	2000 (entered into force 2003)	Adopted as a supplementary agreement to the CBD, this Protocol addresses the safe transfer, handling, and use of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity.	Established an international regulatory framework for LMOs, introducing the Advance Informed Agreement (AIA) procedure for transboundary movements, thereby enhancing biosafety and risk assessment.
Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS)	2010 (entered into force 2014)	Another supplementary agreement to the CBD, the Nagoya Protocol provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of the third objective of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.	Strengthened the ABS provisions of the CBD by establishing clear obligations for Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT), significantly reducing biopiracy and providing incentives for conservation and sustainable use.
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)	2022 (adopted at COP15)	While not an 'amendment' to the CBD itself, the GBF is a landmark strategic plan adopted by the COP to guide global action on biodiversity until 2030. It replaces the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.	Sets ambitious new global targets, including the '30x30' goal (protecting 30% of land and sea), targets for reducing harmful subsidies, and a breakthrough agreement on Digital Sequence Information (DSI) benefit-sharing, aiming to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.

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• Data interpretation
• Correlation vs causation
• Estimation techniques