Institutional Integrity — Ethical Standards

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment	1976	Known as the 'Mini Constitution,' this amendment significantly altered the balance of power between institutions, strengthening the executive at the expense of judicial and legislative oversight. It added words 'socialist' and 'secular' to the Preamble and included fundamental duties, affecting institutional relationships and integrity frameworks.	The amendment's provisions regarding judicial review limitations and emergency powers created tensions in institutional integrity that were later addressed through subsequent amendments and judicial interpretations, highlighting the importance of maintaining institutional balance
44th Amendment	1978	This amendment restored many institutional safeguards that were weakened by the 42nd Amendment, particularly regarding judicial review and emergency provisions. It strengthened institutional integrity by restoring checks and balances and limiting executive overreach during emergencies.	The amendment reinforced the principle that institutional integrity requires robust checks and balances, and that temporary political considerations should not permanently alter institutional frameworks designed to protect democratic governance