Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 1991	1991	This was a significant amendment that strengthened the original Act. It banned hunting of all wild animals (except for specific circumstances like self-defense or disease control), increased penalties for offenses, and added more species to Schedule I for higher protection. It also introduced provisions for the establishment of the Central Zoo Authority.	Led to a near-total ban on hunting, significantly enhancing the protection status of wild animals. It also streamlined the process for declaring protected areas and improved the regulatory framework for zoos, reflecting a more stringent approach to wildlife conservation.
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002	2002	This amendment introduced new categories of protected areas: Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves, aiming to involve local communities in conservation efforts. It also provided for the establishment of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) and the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) (though NTCA was formally constituted later in 2005).	Broadened the scope of protected areas to include community-led conservation, acknowledging the role of local populations. It strengthened institutional mechanisms for wildlife protection, particularly for tiger conservation, and made the NBWL an apex advisory body for all wildlife-related matters.
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022	2022	This recent amendment aimed to implement the provisions of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in India. It rationalized the Schedules for species, reducing them from six to four, and introduced provisions for the designation of a Management Authority and a Scientific Authority for CITES. It also enhanced penalties for violations.	Streamlined the legal framework for CITES implementation, making India's domestic law more compliant with international obligations. The rationalization of schedules aimed for better clarity and enforcement, while increased penalties served as a stronger deterrent against wildlife crime. It also empowered the Central Government to declare certain species as vermin for specific areas and periods.

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