Industrial Policy — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
25th Amendment Act	1971	Amended Article 31 (Right to Property) and inserted Article 31C. Article 31C stated that no law giving effect to the Directive Principles specified in clauses (b) or (c) of Article 39 shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Article 14, Article 19 or Article 31. This amendment aimed to give primacy to DPSP over Fundamental Rights in certain economic matters.	Provided greater constitutional backing for state intervention in the economy, including industrial nationalization and regulation, by shielding laws made to implement Article 39(b) and (c) from challenges based on certain fundamental rights. This was crucial during the era of state-led industrialization and nationalization of key sectors.
42nd Amendment Act	1976	Expanded the scope of Article 31C to include all Directive Principles, not just Article 39(b) and (c). It also added 'socialist' and 'secular' to the Preamble, reinforcing the state's commitment to a socialist pattern of society.	Further strengthened the constitutional basis for state-led economic policies and industrial regulation aimed at achieving socialist objectives. While later diluted by judicial pronouncements, it reflected the legislative intent to prioritize socio-economic goals over individual economic freedoms during that period.
Repeal of MRTP Act, 1969 and Enactment of Competition Act, 2002	2002	The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act, 1969, which aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and curb monopolistic practices, was repealed and replaced by the Competition Act, 2002. The new Act shifted the focus from curbing monopolies to promoting and sustaining competition in markets.	This legislative change was a direct consequence of the 1991 economic reforms. It signaled a fundamental shift in industrial policy from a control-oriented approach (preventing monopolies) to a market-oriented approach (promoting competition). It facilitated mergers, acquisitions, and business expansion, aligning India's regulatory framework with global best practices for a liberalized economy.

Also build Paper II skills

Regional comparisons and process chains train the same coherence and inference habits CSAT passages demand. CSAT hub.

• Data interpretation
• Estimation techniques
• Logical deductions