Man-made Disasters — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
Not a constitutional amendment, but a key legislative response	1986	The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, was enacted by the Parliament of India under Article 253 of the Constitution, following the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It is an umbrella legislation designed to provide for the protection and improvement of the environment and for matters connected therewith. It grants the Central Government wide powers to take all necessary measures to protect and improve the quality of the environment and prevent, control, and abate environmental pollution.	Significantly strengthened India's legal framework for environmental governance and industrial safety. It empowered the government to set standards for emissions, regulate industrial operations, handle hazardous substances, and conduct environmental impact assessments, directly impacting the prevention and management of industrial and environmental man-made disasters.
Not a constitutional amendment, but a key legislative response	2005	The Disaster Management Act, 2005, was enacted to provide for the effective management of disasters and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. It defines 'disaster' to include both natural and man-made causes and establishes institutional mechanisms at national, state, and district levels (NDMA, SDMAs, DDMAs) for a holistic and integrated approach to disaster management.	Revolutionized India's approach to disaster management by shifting focus from a relief-centric to a holistic, proactive approach encompassing prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. It provided a legal mandate for comprehensive planning and coordination for all types of disasters, including man-made ones, ensuring a structured response and accountability.
Not a constitutional amendment, but a key legislative response	1991	The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, was enacted to provide for public liability insurance for the purpose of providing immediate relief to persons affected by accidents occurring while handling any hazardous substance. It mandates industries handling hazardous substances to take out insurance policies to cover potential liabilities arising from accidents.	Ensured that victims of industrial accidents involving hazardous substances receive immediate relief, without having to wait for lengthy legal processes to determine fault. It placed a financial responsibility on industries to account for potential man-made disasters, thereby promoting greater safety measures and corporate accountability.

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