Community Resilience — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
73rd Amendment Act	1992	Granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in rural areas, establishing a three-tier system of local self-governance. It mandated elections, reserved seats for SC/ST and women, and devolved powers and responsibilities to Panchayats.	Crucial for community resilience as it provides the institutional framework for decentralized disaster management. It empowers Gram Panchayats to prepare local development plans, which can integrate disaster preparedness and mitigation, and mobilize community participation in risk reduction activities. This amendment is foundational for bottom-up approaches.
74th Amendment Act	1992	Granted constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in urban areas, establishing Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, and Nagar Panchayats. It similarly mandated elections, reservations, and devolution of powers.	Equally vital for urban community resilience. ULBs are responsible for urban planning, infrastructure development, and public health, all of which are critical for disaster preparedness and response in cities. This amendment enables urban local bodies to develop city-level disaster management plans, manage urban infrastructure resilience, and engage urban communities in preparedness efforts, especially in informal settlements.

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