Vijayanagara Empire — Key Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
Military Reforms under Deva Raya II	c. 1424-1446 CE	Deva Raya II, recognizing the military superiority of the Bahmani cavalry and archers, initiated significant reforms in the Vijayanagara army. He recruited a large number of Muslim archers and horsemen, provided them with land grants, and trained his Hindu soldiers in their techniques. He also imported high-quality horses from Arabia and Persia.	These reforms significantly enhanced the military capabilities of Vijayanagara, making its army more formidable and capable of countering the Deccan Sultanates. It demonstrated a pragmatic approach to military innovation, incorporating foreign expertise to strengthen indigenous forces.
Administrative Reforms by Krishnadevaraya	c. 1509-1529 CE	Krishnadevaraya undertook several administrative reforms to streamline governance and improve revenue collection. He reorganized the land revenue system, ensuring a more equitable assessment and collection. He also paid personal attention to provincial administration, often touring his territories to ensure justice and efficient governance. His reforms aimed at strengthening central authority while maintaining the effectiveness of the Nayankara system.	These reforms contributed to the empire's stability and prosperity during his reign. A more efficient revenue system provided resources for military expansion and cultural patronage. His direct involvement in administration helped curb potential abuses and fostered a sense of justice among the populace.
Shift in Capital Post-Talikota	1565 CE onwards	Following the devastating Battle of Talikota and the sacking of Hampi, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire was shifted. Initially, it moved to Penukonda, and later to Chandragiri. This was a strategic move to secure the remaining territories and establish a new administrative center away from the immediate threat of the Deccan Sultanates.	This shift symbolized the empire's struggle for survival and its diminished power. While it allowed the Aravidu dynasty to continue the imperial legacy for a period, it also reflected the fragmentation and decentralization of power, as the new capitals never achieved the grandeur or strategic importance of Hampi.