Later Peasant Movements — Key Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
First Amendment Act	1951	Introduced Articles 31A and 31B, and the Ninth Schedule, primarily to protect land reform laws from judicial challenge on the grounds of violating fundamental rights, particularly the right to property (Article 31).	Crucial for implementing zamindari abolition and other land reforms, which were direct outcomes of demands from later peasant movements. It allowed states to acquire estates without fear of extensive litigation, thus facilitating agrarian restructuring.
Fourth Amendment Act	1955	Further clarified the scope of Article 31A, particularly regarding the acquisition of estates and compensation. It also added more acts to the Ninth Schedule.	Strengthened the state's power to enact and implement land reform legislation, ensuring that compensation for acquired property was not subject to judicial review, thereby accelerating the process of agrarian restructuring envisioned by peasant movements.
Seventeenth Amendment Act	1964	Expanded the definition of 'estate' in Article 31A to include various types of land tenures, and added 44 more land reform acts to the Ninth Schedule.	Provided broader constitutional protection to a wider range of land reform laws, including those related to tenancy and land ceilings, directly addressing the diverse demands for agrarian justice that had emerged from movements like Tebhaga and Telangana.