Judicial Review — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
1st Amendment	1951	Added Articles 31A and 31B and the Ninth Schedule to protect land reform laws from judicial review. This amendment was a direct response to judicial decisions that struck down land reform legislation on grounds of violating property rights.	Established the concept of constitutional immunity for certain laws, leading to ongoing debates about the scope of judicial review and parliamentary power to limit constitutional rights through constitutional amendments.
24th Amendment	1971	Affirmed Parliament's power to amend any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights, and made it binding on the President to give assent to constitutional amendment bills. This was a response to the Golak Nath judgment.	Attempted to restore parliamentary supremacy in constitutional amendments, but was ultimately limited by the basic structure doctrine established in Kesavananda Bharati case.
25th Amendment	1971	Curtailed the right to property by adding Article 31C, which provided that laws implementing directive principles in Articles 39(b) and (c) could not be challenged on grounds of violating Articles 14, 19, or 31.	Reduced the scope of judicial review over laws implementing directive principles, though Article 31C was later partially struck down in Minerva Mills case for violating basic structure.
42nd Amendment	1976	Attempted to limit judicial review by expanding Article 31C to cover all directive principles and adding clauses 4 and 5 to Article 368 to prevent judicial review of constitutional amendments. Also extended the Ninth Schedule significantly.	Represented the most serious challenge to judicial review, but key provisions were struck down in Minerva Mills case. Demonstrated the limits of parliamentary power to curtail judicial review through constitutional amendments.

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