Industrial Structure and Performance — Policy Reforms

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment Act	1976	Introduced 'socialist' and 'secular' into the Preamble and added Fundamental Duties. While not directly industrial, it reinforced the socialist orientation of state policy, influencing industrial regulations towards public good and state control during that era.	Strengthened the ideological basis for state intervention in the economy, aligning with the IPR 1956's principles of public sector dominance and regulation to prevent concentration of wealth.
97th Amendment Act	2011	Added Article 43B (promotion of cooperative societies) to DPSP and made the right to form cooperative societies a fundamental right (Article 19(1)(c)).	Promoted cooperative models in various sectors, including agro-processing and small-scale industries, influencing the organizational structure of certain industrial segments, particularly at the grassroots level.
Goods and Services Tax (GST) Act	2017	Introduced a unified indirect tax regime across India, subsuming various central and state taxes. This was a major structural reform.	Significantly impacted industrial operations by streamlining taxation, reducing cascading effects, improving logistics efficiency, and creating a common national market, thereby enhancing ease of doing business and competitiveness for industries.
Companies (Amendment) Act	2019	Decriminalized several offenses under the Companies Act 2013, re-categorizing them as civil defaults, and introduced measures to improve ease of doing business.	Reduced the burden of compliance and fear of criminal prosecution for corporate entities, fostering a more conducive environment for industrial operations and entrepreneurship.