Marine Pollution — Environmental Laws

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
CRZ Notification, 2011 (superseded by 2018)	2011	This notification revised the earlier CRZ norms, aiming for better protection of coastal ecosystems while allowing for sustainable development. It introduced a new category for critically vulnerable coastal areas and streamlined the environmental clearance process.	Improved clarity on permissible activities and enhanced protection for ecologically sensitive areas, though implementation challenges persisted. It laid the groundwork for further refinements in coastal management.
CRZ Notification, 2018	2018	The latest comprehensive revision of the CRZ norms, aiming to promote sustainable development while conserving coastal ecosystems. It relaxed certain norms for construction and tourism in some areas while strengthening protection for ecologically sensitive zones (CRZ-IA).	Sought to balance development needs with environmental protection, particularly boosting tourism and housing in certain coastal areas, while also emphasizing conservation of mangroves and coral reefs. Its impact on pollution control is mixed, depending on enforcement.
Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 2007	2007	This amendment incorporated various international conventions into Indian law, including aspects of MARPOL, strengthening provisions related to prevention of pollution from ships, liability for oil spills, and compensation.	Enhanced India's legal capacity to enforce international standards for ship-source pollution, providing a stronger framework for preventing and responding to marine pollution incidents from vessels operating in Indian waters.

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