Legal Framework — Mains Questions

Critically analyze the evolution of the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, from its inception to the 2019 amendments. Discuss how these amendments have strengthened the anti-money laundering framework in India, while also examining the constitutional concerns raised.

The Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) is a crucial tool in India's internal security architecture. Examine how PMLA integrates with other legal frameworks like FEMA, Benami Act, and the Companies Act to create a comprehensive anti-money laundering ecosystem. Discuss the challenges in ensuring effective inter-agency coordination.

The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has emerged as a formidable agency in combating financial crimes in India. Discuss the powers and functions of the ED under the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002. Critically evaluate the concerns regarding the extensive powers vested in the ED and suggest measures to ensure accountability and transparency.